The motion of the orbital node of Sputnik 2 (1957β) and the oblateness of the earth     

Emil Buchar 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1958,2(4):306-321

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Hebung — Spaltung —? Grabenbildung im saxonischen und im ostalpinen Bereich     

Walther Emil Petrascheck 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1940,31(3-4):244-254

Zusammenfassung Wir fassen zusammen: Die hier betrachteten Grabenbildungen aus Niederhessen-Hannover, aus Schlesien und aus den steirischen Alpen lassen keinerlei Gründe für eine Entstehung durch Spaltung infolge Wölbung erkennen. Eine durchgängige Bindung an Schilde ist nicht vorhanden. Im Gegenteil, soweit die Gräben größeres Ausmaß besitzen, haben sie sich aus flach eingemuldeten Senkungszonen entwickelt, die breiter als die späteren Grabenstreifen waren. Nur im Solling mag Spaltung durch Wölbung für die Anlage der Gräben eine Rolle gespielt haben, eine darüber hinausgehende beträchtliche Zerrung hat aber auch hier stattgefunden. Der starke Anteil von horizontalen Bewegungskomponenten ausweitender und einengender Art nach wechselnden Richtungen in der saxonischen Tektonik des Oberstockwerkes dürfte auf die Salzunterlage zurückzuführen sein, infolge welcher die postsalinare Decke auch bei Impulsen oder bei einem Gefälle, das durch mehr vertikale Bewegungen des variscischen Untergrundes zustandekam, leicht Gleitbewegungen ausführte. Der stärker vertikale Charakter der streifenförmigen Einsenkungen in den Untergrund ist bei fehlendem Salz an der saxonischen Tektonik Schlesiens und der jungmiozänen Tektonik der Ostalpen erkennbar. Die Richtung der Gräben (wie auch der vorangegangenen epirogenen Einmuldungen) ist streng von der Textur des Untergrundes abhängig.  相似文献   

On the sensitivity of the sedimentary system in the East Frisian Wadden Sea to sea-level rise and wave-induced bed shear stress     

Emil Vassilev Stanev  Jörg-Olaf Wolff  Gerold Brink-Spalink 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(3-4):266-283

The paper addresses the individual and collective contribution of different forcing factors (tides, wind waves, and sea-level rise) to the dynamics of sediment in coastal areas. The results are obtained from simulations with the General Estuarine Transport Model coupled with a sediment transport model. The wave-induced bed shear stress is formulated using a simple model based on the concept that the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) associated with wind waves is a function of orbital velocity, the latter depending on the wave height and water depth. A theory is presented explaining the controls of sediment dynamics by the TKE produced by tides and wind waves. Several scenarios were developed aiming at revealing possible trends resulting from realistic (observed or expected) changes in sea level and wave magnitude. The simulations demonstrate that these changes not only influence the concentration of sediment, which is very sensitive to the magnitude of the external forcing, but also the temporal variability patterns. The joint effect of tides and wave-induced bed shear stress revealed by the comparison between theoretical results and simulations is well pronounced. The intercomparison between different scenarios demonstrates that the spatial patterns of erosion and deposition are very sensitive to the magnitude of wind waves and sea-level rise. Under a changing climate, forcing the horizontal distribution of sediments adjusts mainly through a change in the balance of export and import of sediment from the intertidal basins. The strongest signal associated with this adjustment is simulated North of the barrier islands where the evolution of sedimentation gives an integrated picture of the processes in tidal basins.  相似文献   

Upper Cretaceous Magmatic Series and Associated Mineralisation in the Carpathian – Balkan Orogen     

Tudor BERZA  Emil CONSTANTINESCU  SLerban–Nicolae VLAD 《Resource Geology》1998,48(4):291-306

Abstract: The Alpine Orogen contains in South East Europe, from the Carpathians to the Balkans–Srednogorie, an Upper Cretaceous, ore bearing igneous belt: a narrow elongated body which runs discontinously from the Apuseni Mountains in the North, to the western part of the South Carpathians (Banat) in Romania, and further South to the Carpathians of East Serbia and still further East to Srednogorie (Bulgaria). This results in a belt of 750 km/30–70 km, bending from N-S in Romania and Serbia, to E-W in Bulgaria. Using the well established century-old terminology of this region, we describe it in this paper as the Banatitic Magmatic and Metallogenetic Belt (BMMB). Plate tectonics models of the Alpine evolution of South East Europe involve Mesozoic rifting, spreading and thinning of the continental crust or formation of oceanic crust in the Tethian trench system, followed by Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence of Africa with Europe and opening of Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea troughs. The result of successive stages in the collision process is not only the continental growth of Europe from N to S by the docking of several microplates formerly separated from it by Mesozoic palaeo–oceans, but also the rise of mountain belts by overthickening of the crust, followed by orogenic collapse, lateral extrusion, exhumation of metamorphic core complexes and post-collisional magmatism connected to strike-slip or normal faulting. The BMMB of the Carpathian-Balkan fold belt is rich in ore deposits related to plutons and/or volcano-plutonic complexes. Serbian authors have proposed an Upper Cretaceous Paleorift in Eastern Serbia for the Timok zone and some Bulgarian geologists have furnished geologic, petrological and metallogenetic support for this extensional model along the entire BMMB. The existence and importance of previous westwards directed subductions of Transilvanides (=South Apuseni = Mure? Zone) and Severin-Krajina palaeo–oceans, popular in Roman ian literature, seems to have little relevance to BMMB generation, but the well documented northwards directed subduction of the Vardar-Axios palaeo–ocean during Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous is a good pre-condition for the generation, during the Upper Cretaceous, of banatitic magmas in extensional regime, by mantle delamination due to slab break–off. Four magmatic trends are found: a tholeiitic trend, a calc-alkaline trend, a calc-alkaline high–K to shoshonitic trend and, restricted to East Srednogorie, a peralkaline trend. For acid intrusives, the typology is clearly I-type and magnetite–series, pointing to sources in the deep crust or the mantle; however, some high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios recorded in banatites prove important contamination from the upper crust. The calc-alkaline hydrated magmas, most common for banatitic plutons, can be considered as recording three stages of evolution: more primitive – the monzodioritic, dioritic to granodioritic trend (S Apuseni, S Ba–nat, Timok, C and W Srednogorie); more evolved – the granodioritic-granitic trend (N Apuseni, N Banat, Ridanj–Krepoljin); the alkaline trend (E and W Srednogorie, western part of N Banat). Correlating the composition of the host plutons with the types of mineralisation, several environments can be found in the BMMB, function of timing of fluid separation (porphyry versus non-porphyry environments), depth of emplacement, size of intrusion and geology of intruded rock pile, biotite versus hornblende crystallisation, involving the evolution of K/Na ratio in fluids, i. e. development of potassic and phyllic alteration zones: a) non-porphyry environment with granodioritic to granitic magmas, plutonic level, skarn mineralisation prevails; b) porphyry environment with monzodioritic or dioritic to granodioritic magmas, subvolcanic–hypabyssal–plutonic level; porphyry Cu with skarn halo at hypabyssal-subvolcanic level; c) porphyry environment with monzodioritic or dioritic to granodioritic magmas, volcano-plutonic complexes with porphyry copper plus massive sulfide mineralisation at subvolcanic-volcanic level; d) non-porphyry environment with magmas of alkaline tendency, volcanic level, vein (“mesothermal” and “epithermal”) mineralisation.  相似文献   

Comparison of Two Probability Distributions Used to Model Sizes of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Accumulations: Does the Tail Wag the Assessment?     

Emil D. Attanasi  Ronald R. Charpentier 《Mathematical Geology》2002,34(6):767-777

Undiscovered oil and gas assessments are commonly reported as aggregate estimates of hydrocarbon volumes. Potential commercial value and discovery costs are, however, determined by accumulation size, so engineers, economists, decision makers, and sometimes policy analysts are most interested in projected discovery sizes. The lognormal and Pareto distributions have been used to model exploration target sizes. This note contrasts the outcomes of applying these alternative distributions to the play level assessments of the U.S. Geological Survey's 1995 National Oil and Gas Assessment. Using the same numbers of undiscovered accumulations and the same minimum, medium, and maximum size estimates, substitution of the shifted truncated lognormal distribution for the shifted truncated Pareto distribution reduced assessed undiscovered oil by 16% and gas by 15%. Nearly all of the volume differences resulted because the lognormal had fewer larger fields relative to the Pareto. The lognormal also resulted in a smaller number of small fields relative to the Pareto. For the Permian Basin case study presented here, reserve addition costs were 20% higher with the lognormal size assumption.  相似文献   

Sources to the East Greenland Current and its contribution to the Denmark Strait Overflow     

Emil Jeansson  Sara Jutterström  Leif G. Anderson  E. Peter Jones  James H. Swift 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,78(1):12-28

Data from the East Greenland Current in 2002 are evaluated using optimum multiparameter analysis. The current is followed from north of Fram Strait to the Denmark Strait Sill and the contributions of different source waters, in mass fractions, are deduced. From the results it can be concluded that, at least in spring 2002, the East Greenland Current was the main source for the waters found at the Denmark Strait Sill, contributing to the overflow into the North Atlantic. The East Greenland Current carried water masses from different source regions in the Arctic Ocean, the West Spitsbergen Current and the Greenland Sea. The results agree well with the known circulation of the western Nordic Seas but also add knowledge both to the quantification and to the mixing processes, showing the importance of the locally formed Greenland Sea Arctic Intermediate Water for the East Greenland Current and the Denmark Strait.  相似文献   

Zenith telescope with a mirror micrometer     

Emil Buchar 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1968,12(2):117-121

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Recollections of max born     

Emil Wolf 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1995,227(1-2):277-297

This article is essentially the text of lectures presented September 7, 1982 at the Max Born Centenary Conference held in Edinburgh, Scotland and October 21, 1982 at the Max Born Symposium held during the Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America.Emil Wolf is Wilson Professor of Optical Physics at the University of Rochester. Reprinted fromOptics News, November/December 1983 with permisssion from the author and the Optical Society of America  相似文献   

IGU working group ‘landscape synthesis — geological foundations of complex landscape management.’ activities, 1984–85.     

Emil Mazur  Jan Drdoš 《GeoJournal》1986,12(1):121-121

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Moveout approximation for vertical seismic profile geometry in a 2D model with anisotropic layers     

Emil Blias 《Geophysical Prospecting》2013,61(3):574-581

I introduce a new explicit form of vertical seismic profile (VSP) traveltime approximation for a 2D model with non‐horizontal boundaries and anisotropic layers. The goal of the new approximation is to dramatically decrease the cost of time calculations by reducing the number of calculated rays in a complex multi‐layered anisotropic model for VSP walkaway data with many sources. This traveltime approximation extends the generalized moveout approximation proposed by Fomel and Stovas. The new equation is designed for borehole seismic geometry where the receivers are placed in a well while the sources are on the surface. For this, the time‐offset function is presented as a sum of odd and even functions. Coefficients in this approximation are determined by calculating the traveltime and its first‐ and second‐order derivatives at five specific rays. Once these coefficients are determined, the traveltimes at other rays are calculated by this approximation. Testing this new approximation on a 2D anisotropic model with dipping boundaries shows its very high accuracy for offsets three times the reflector depths. The new approximation can be used for 2D anisotropic models with tilted symmetry axes for practical VSP geometry calculations. The new explicit approximation eliminates the need of massive ray tracing in a complicated velocity model for multi‐source VSP surveys. This method is designed not for NMO correction but for replacing conventional ray tracing for time calculations.  相似文献